No one's roles have changed over the last day, multiple badges are being given to those with multiple roles when so far in the past we have only had badges signifying one of our roles. Elmyr, Diggo and a few others' colour changes are only temporary as far as I know, they will go back to normal once Twista has finished sorting things out.
As for the actual meanings of each role:
Forum Mod (Deputy Sheriff) - your everyday run-of-the-mill forum mod (blue name).
InGame Mod (Deputy Marshal) - your everyday run-of-the-mill in-game mod (purple).
Ranger - specialised role, such as handling the Wiki, submitting ideas, running GM events and handling bugs (pink for Wiki Ranger, green for others).
Sheriff - senior forum mod (turquoise/cyan/whatever the hell that colour is).
Marshal - senior in-game mod (purple).
Gambler - lottery dude (N/A).
Manager and Co-Manager - these are self explanatory I think (red).
A full list of roles and the people filling them can be found on the
Forum Leaders page, but this page will likely be changing over the next few days, again due to Twista sorting some things out.